An idea · Early Modern · first attested 1785
The Categorical Imperative
Act only on a maxim you could will to be universal law.
Kant's supreme moral principle. Before acting, ask: what is the rule I would be following? Could I will that everyone followed it? If not, the act is wrong. A second formulation: treat every person — yourself or another — always as an end in themselves, never merely as a means. Modern ethics has never escaped Kant's question.